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7) Limiting factor analysis

• how to maximize profit in limiting factor situations.

8) Performance Measurement

• basic performance measures and its usage in business analyses:
• Gross Profit Margin, Net Profit Margin, Return on Capital Employed, Asset Turnover.

9) Investments Appraisal

• payback period,
• time value of money,
• cost of capital,
• Net Present Value (NPV), Discounted Cash Flow (DCF),
• Internal Rate of Return (IRR).

10) Budgeting

• purposes of budgets,
• budgeting methods: incremental, zero-based, rolling, activity-based - practical aspects,
• top-down vs bottom-up - in practice,
• budgeting process and role of controlling department,
• how to create budgets effectively? budgeting best practices from trainer's experience,
• controlling of budget realization.

11) Responsibility Centres

• centralisation vs decentralisation, types of responsibility centres,
• measuring performance of responsibility centres, ensuring goal congruence,
• ROCE (return on capital employed), ROI (return on investment), RI (residual income),
• overview of other useful methods of managing responsibility centres through financial measures.